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IntroductionofBookVIII

斐多 柏拉图104602026-08-03

Andsowehavearrivedattheconclusion, thatintheperfectStatewivesandchildrenaretobeincommon; andtheeducationandpursuitsofmenandwomen, bothinwarandpeace, aretobecommon, andkingsaretobephilosophersandwarriors, andthesoldiersoftheStatearetolivetogether, havingallthingsincommon; andtheyaretobewarriorathletes, receivingnopaybutonlytheirfood, .‘Thatiseasilydone,’ hereplied: ‘YouwerespeakingoftheStatewhichyouhadconstructed, andoftheindividualwhoansweredtothis, bothofwhomyouaffirmedtobegood; andyousaidthatofinferiorStatestherewerefourformsandfourindividualscorrespondingtothem, whichalthoughdeficientinvariousdegrees, , andthisledtoanotherargument,—andsohereweare.’ Supposethatweputourselvesagaininthesameposition, anddoyourepeatyourquestion.‘Ishouldliketoknowofwhatconstitutionsyouwerespeaking?’ BesidestheperfectStatethereareonlyfourofanynoteinHellas:—first, thefamousLacedaemonianorCretancommonwealth; secondly, oligarchy, aStatefullofevils; thirdly, democracy, whichfollowsnextinorder; fourthly, tyranny, , Statesarenotmadeof ‘oakandrock,’ butoffleshandblood; andthereforeastherearefiveStatestheremustbefivehumannaturesinindividuals, , thereistheambitiousnature, whichanswerstotheLacedaemonianState; secondly, theoligarchicalnature; thirdly, thedemocratical; andfourthly, , whichisthefifth, thatwemayknowwhichisthehappier, , sonow, beginningwithtimocracy, letusgoontothetimocraticalman, andthenproceedtotheotherformsofgovernment, andtheindividualswhoanswertothem.

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